{"created":"2023-07-25T10:25:11.570193+00:00","id":5396,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"a728b94b-ef43-4841-8e4e-ece70f65c230"},"_deposit":{"created_by":15,"id":"5396","owners":[15],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"5396"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:air.repo.nii.ac.jp:00005396","sets":["1194:1195:1196:1385"]},"author_link":["15010"],"item_10006_alternative_title_32":{"attribute_name":"別タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_alternative_title":"日本と将来の低炭素社会におけるクリティカルメタルの評価"}]},"item_10006_biblio_info_34":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2021-03-22","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographic_titles":[{}]}]},"item_10006_date_granted_41":{"attribute_name":"学位授与年月日","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_dategranted":"2021-03-22"}]},"item_10006_degree_grantor_40":{"attribute_name":"学位授与機関","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_degreegrantor":[{"subitem_degreegrantor_name":"秋田大学"}],"subitem_degreegrantor_identifier":[{"subitem_degreegrantor_identifier_name":"11401","subitem_degreegrantor_identifier_scheme":"kakenhi"}]}]},"item_10006_degree_name_39":{"attribute_name":"学位名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_degreename":"博士（資源学）"}]},"item_10006_description_27":{"attribute_name":"内容記述（抄録）","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"Concern about availability and access to mineral resources has increased beginning the21st Century as technological advancement increased the demand for mineral resources.Besides changing the demand landscape by altering the quantity and the composition for metals demanded,the increase in demand pushed mineral prices up, further increasing the anxiety about mineral resource availability and access. The minerals supply landscape, too, has changed. The resurgence of resource nationalism indicates a return to protectionist thinking, which has led to tension between mineral consuming and mineral producing countries. Meanwhile, the need to reduce carbon emissions to mitigate climate change could further accelerate mineral resource availability concerns. The amount of mineral resources demanded by low carbon technologies could increase rapidly and put significant pressure on the mineral demand-supply dynamics. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the metals that have a higher chance of experiencing supply-demand tensions in the medium term and the long term, given these developments. In the medium term, Japan is one of the countries that could be heavily a ected if there is a disruption to the supply of mineral resources. Japan has created a competitive manufacturing industry that relies significantly on mineral resources despite Japan lacking a meaningful domestic supply. Despite this reliance on minerals resources by Japan's manufacturing sector, few studies not initiated by the government exist to understand Japan's critical minerals|mineral resources with high economic importance and a high risk of supply disruption. In other major economies, concerns about the availability of and access to mineral resources have prompted researchers to suggest multiple methods to identify critical materials. However,the methods proposed so far, though sensible, should be improved. This study proposes a quasi-dynamic approach that incorporates probabilities to measure the vulnerability of an economy to supply restriction of metals to improve the existing medium-term criticality methodologies. The study identifies unique probabilities for absolute price changes for 18 metals and, using economic data from Japan's economic input-output tables, identifies critical metals for Japan for 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2015. The results indicate that metal price changes follow di erent probability distributions.The study also finds that niobium, molybdenum, rare earths, vanadium, tungsten, and cobalt are critical metals for Japan, and they will remain critical for the medium term. Based on the finding for the medium-term critical metals, the study proposes several strategies for Japan to secure the supply of these critical metals, including strengthening the relationships with resource-rich countries, pushing for more recycling of valuable metals, and stockpiling. Regarding the low carbon future, the International Energy Agency(IEA) has carried out extensive modeling of future energy and transport requirements and proposed pathways to a low carbon future. However, few studies investigate the mineral resource requirements to achieve this ideal low carbon future. Based on IEA's 2 degrees scenario(2DS)(which describes an energy system consistent with emissions trajectory that climate science research indicates would limit the global temperature increase to 2°C)this study quantifies the amount of metals required by renewable energy techniologies and electric vehicles necessary to achieve the 2DS scenario. The study analyzes eight metals necessary for running five major renewable energy technologies (hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar, electric vehicles) to understand the possible additional demand for the selected metals. The study uses systems dynamic analysis with STELLA software to investigate the demand-supply progression between 2019 and 2070. By investigating additional demand and factors such as available reserves, recycling rates, available substitutes, and environmental implications, the study identifies critical metals for the long term in the context of pursuing a low carbon future. The study found that Nickel, cobalt, rear-earth elements and molybdenum will experience the most significant additional demand. However, only cobalt, lithium, and rear-earth elements are critical in the long term after considering recycling rates, substitute availability, and environmental implications. Although the study proposed improvements in measuring and displaying critical metals, it did not eliminate the need to estimate critical metals accurately. In the medium-term analysis, there is still a need to estimate the end-use application of metals accurately because the existing data on end-use and GDP are broadly aggregated, leading to overlaps in estimating metals' real economic contributions. Furthermore, important factors that could a ect the metal supply's security such as recycling rates, available metal substitutes, improvements in mining technology, and metal co-production were left out, to avoid meaningless results because of aggregating too many factors. In the long-term study, recycling rates and available substitutes were discussed but not quantitatively measured. The system dynamics model could be improved further if such factors and others like impact on the environmental and the implications, improvements in technology, and metal co-production are quantitatively measured and incorporated into the model. ","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_10006_dissertation_number_42":{"attribute_name":"学位授与番号","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_dissertationnumber":"甲第1370号"}]},"item_10006_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.20569/00005718","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_10006_publisher_28":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"秋田大学"}]},"item_10006_version_type_35":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_access_right":{"attribute_name":"アクセス権","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_access_right":"open access","subitem_access_right_uri":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"MALALA　NEWTON, OJIAMBO"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2021-06-03"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"shihakuyoushikou1370.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"198.2 kB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"内容要旨及び審査結果要旨","url":"https://air.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/5396/files/shihakuyoushikou1370.pdf"},"version_id":"7f65d6e2-5c27-4d8f-ac69-fbd2eaabf207"},{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2021-06-03"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"shihakukou1370.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"3.0 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"本文","url":"https://air.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/5396/files/shihakukou1370.pdf"},"version_id":"135642e7-0b25-4db5-b199-c53e4e45298b"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"eng"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"doctoral thesis","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06"}]},"item_title":"Evaluating critical metals for Japan and a low carbon future","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"Evaluating critical metals for Japan and a low carbon future"}]},"item_type_id":"10006","owner":"15","path":["1385"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2021-06-03"},"publish_date":"2021-06-03","publish_status":"0","recid":"5396","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["Evaluating critical metals for Japan and a low carbon future"],"weko_creator_id":"15","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-07-25T10:53:00.693058+00:00"}